I.e. vs E.g. vs Ex. Which Is Which

I.e. vs E.g. vs Ex. Which Is Which SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Struggling to figure out when you should use e.g. vs i.e.? What about i.e. vs ex.? E.g. vs e.x.? Those are enough abbreviations to make your head spin! In this article, we’ll break down what i.e., e.g., and ex. all stand for and explain how to use each properly in a sentence. We’ll also give you some quick tips for remembering which is which. The Bottom Line: What’s the Difference Between I.e., E.g., and Ex.? I.e., e.g., and ex. are all abbreviations. I.e. and e.g. are abbreviations for Latin phrases and ex. is an abbreviation for an English word. Let’s take a deeper look at each them. What Does I.e. Mean? â€Å"I.e† is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase â€Å"id est,† which translates to â€Å"that is† or â€Å"in other words.† Here’s a look at â€Å"i.e.† in action: â€Å"I am a vegetarian, i.e., I don’t eat meat.† In the example, â€Å"i.e.† is used to provide more clarification about what being a vegetarian means. You could also read the sentence as, â€Å"I am a vegetarian, in other words, I don’t eat meat.† What Does E.g. Mean? â€Å"E.g.† is an abbreviation for a Latin phrase as well. The Latin phrase â€Å"exemplia gratia† is the longer form of â€Å"e.g.† â€Å"Exemplia gratia† translates to â€Å"for example.† Let’s take a look at an example of â€Å"e.g.† in a sentence: â€Å"I love to eat vegetables, e.g., carrots, spinach, and arugula.† You use â€Å"e.g.† to introduce examples of something. In the sentence above, it’s used to introduce examples of the vegetables that the subject of the sentence likes. What Does Ex. Mean? â€Å"Ex.† is another abbreviation, but for an English word: â€Å"exercise.† Writers use â€Å"ex.† in their work to refer to an exercise. Many people think that â€Å"ex.† stands for example, but that’s a common mistake. â€Å"Ex.† is used to introduce exercises. Here’s a look at how: â€Å"Please refer to ex. 4.† The sentence instructs the reader to refer to an exercise later in the text, likely in an appendix. Rules for Using I.e., E.g., and Ex. in Writing Now that we know what e.g., i.e., and ex. mean, let’s look at how to use them correctly in writing. E.g., i.e., and ex. should all be written in lowercase when you use them in the middle of a sentence. E.g. and i.e. should be followed by a comma, as seen in the following examples: â€Å"There were many flavors of ice cream at the shop, e.g., chocolate, vanilla, cookie dough, and mint chocolate chip.† â€Å"I don’t like eating raw fish, i.e., sushi.† Even though e.g. and i.e. are both Latin abbreviations, you don’t need to italicize them in your writing. Tricks for Using I.e. vs E.g. vs Ex. Stuck trying to figure out when to use i.e. vs e.g., i.e. vs ex., or e.g. vs ex.? Don’t worry, there are a few tricks for remembering which abbreviation works for which situation. You don’t need to remember the Latin translations for i.e. or e.g. to know when to use them. Instead, remind yourself what each means! â€Å"I.e.† is another way of saying â€Å"in other words.† You can remember this because â€Å"i.e.† and â€Å"in other words† both start with the letter â€Å"i.† Whenever you write a sentence with â€Å"i.e.,† read it back to yourself and replace â€Å"i.e.† with â€Å"in other words.† If it makes sense, you’re using it right. If not, take another look at the sentence. â€Å"E.g.† in Latin is â€Å"exemplia gratia.† â€Å"E.g† means â€Å"for example,† so you can remember that â€Å"e.g.† is used to introduce different â€Å"exemplia† or â€Å"examples.† If you’re writing a sentence with â€Å"e.g.,† read it back to yourself and replace â€Å"e.g.† with â€Å"for example.† If it makes sense, you’re all set! If not, you’re probably using â€Å"e.g.† incorrectly. â€Å"Ex.† is short for â€Å"exercise.† You can remember that because â€Å"ex† and â€Å"exercise† both start with â€Å"ex.† Final Thoughts It’s tricky to remember the differences between i.e. vs e.g. vs ex. But it doesn’t have to be! Each has its own specific usage: â€Å"I.e.† is another way of saying â€Å"in other words.† â€Å"E.g.† is another way of saying â€Å"for example.† â€Å"Ex.† is an abbreviation for â€Å"exercise.† Remember that and you’ll be all set! What’s Next? Are you studying clouds in your science class?Get help identifying the different types of clouds with our expert guide. Need help with English class- specifically with identifying literary devices in texts you read?Then you'll definitely want to take a look at our comprehensive explanation of the most important literary devices and how they're used. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).

How GPA Conversion Works, With Charts

How GPA Conversion Works, With Charts SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Because final class grades are usually given either as letters (A-, B+, etc.) or as percentiles (87, 92, and so on), you might be a little stuck onhow to convert them into the decimals used to calculate GPA. No worries - this article is here to help! Keep reading to see how to translate all your grades into GPA-ready numbers. What Is a GPA? GPA stands for "grade point average" and it is exactly that: an average of all the final class grades that you received during your high school career.The GPA scale converts the letter and percentile grades your school gives youinto a decimaltypically ranging from 0.0 to 4.0, and then uses those decimals to calculate one summary number. Your GPA is one of the most important pieces of your college application. It allows colleges to very quickly assess your intelligence, skills, work ethic, and willingness to challenge yourself. At the same time, it’s a way for them to see how you stack up againstother people who graduated from your school, and all of the other applicants. Think about it: for an admissions officer, it's easy to have one handy numberthat compares you with other applicants at a glance. It's way harder to have to round up eachof your grades, then compare them with each of the other person's grades, and so on and so forth for thousands and thousands of applicants. Sisyphus thinks about going through applicants one grade at a time and is all, "Uh, no thanks, I'll stick with the giant boulder." How Are Letters and Percentiles Converted Into GPA Scale? Different schools use different systems to convert your grades into your GPA. Sometimes, they take the difficulty level of your classes into account, and sometimes all classes are treated the same. Sure, they're both pumpkins - but a weighted comparison would be helpful. Unweighted GPA Conversion Most schoolsuse anunweighted GPA. This means that all of your final grades get equal treatment, sogrades earned in honors/AP courses get the same numerical value as grades earned in standard/college prep courses. In other words, if Matangets an A in AP Calculus and Camille gets an A in standard level Chemistry, they will both convert these A’s to 4.0. Here is the typical conversion scale for an unweighted GPA: Letter Grade Percentile GPA A+ 97-100 4.0 A 93-96 4.0 A- 90-92 3.7 B+ 87-89 3.3 B 83-86 3.0 B- 80-82 2.7 C+ 77-79 2.3 C 73-76 2.0 C- 70-72 1.7 D+ 67-69 1.3 D 65-66 1.0 F Below 65 0.0 Weighted GPA Conversion Some schools also calculate a weighted GPA. This grade point average takes into account how challenging each course actually is. So,final class grades in Honors-level courses have .5 added to them, while final grades in AP/IB courses have 1 added to them. For this reason, weighted GPA scales usually range from 0.0 to 5.0. In our previous example, since Matan's Acame from an AP class, it would convert to 5.0. Meanwhile Camille’s A, which came from a standard class, would become 4.0. The typical weighted GPA conversion scale looks like this: Letter Grade Percentile Honors GPA AP/IB GPA A+ 97-100 4.5 5.0 A 93-96 4.5 5.0 A- 90-92 4.2 4.7 B+ 87-89 3.8 4.3 B 83-86 3.5 4.0 B- 80-82 3.2 3.7 C+ 77-79 2.8 3.3 C 73-76 2.5 3.0 C- 70-72 2.2 2.7 D+ 67-69 1.8 2.3 D 65-66 1.5 2.0 F Below 65 0.0 0.0 Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Steps Let's work through a couple of examplesto seehow grade conversion works for a transcript that uses letter grades and one that uses percentile grades. How to Convert Letter Grades Into a GPA First, let's check outa transcript where final grades are given as letters by taking a look at the high school career of renowned secret operativeJohn Doe: Here's how its conversion works. Using the unweighted conversion table from before, we can see that, year-by-year, the grades John earned are: 9th Grade 10th Grade th Grade 12th Grade 2.7 2.3 3.0 4.0 2.7 4.0 3.3 3.0 2.3 3.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.7 3.0 3.3 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.7 2.3 2.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 Now, to figure out John'sGPA, first we have to add up his grades to get the sum. Then we have to count how many classes he took. Finally, we divide the sum by the number of classes and round to the nearest tenth: 9th Grade 10th Grade th Grade 12th Grade Total Grade Sum 28.0 25.3 27.0 21.6 101.9 Number of Classes 8 8 9 7 32 So: 101.9 / 32 = 3.1 (John's cumulative high school GPA) To figure out the GPA John would submit on college applications, we just leave off the senior year grades and repeat the same process: 28 + 25.3 + 27 = 80.3 (sum of final grades from 9th to th grade) 8 + 8 + 9 = 25 (number of classes taken from 9th to th grade) 80.3 / 25 = 3.2 (GPA sent on college applications) How to Convert Percentiles Into a GPA The process for converting percentiles into GPA is almost exactly the same. Let’s see it in detailby calculating the GPA of John’s archrival and spy nemesis, Jane Smith: First, we'll convert her grades into GPA scale, and then find the sum and the number of courses she took: 9th Grade 10th Grade th Grade 12th Grade Total 4.0 3.3 3.7 4.0 3.7 2.7 4.0 3.7 3.3 2.3 3.0 4.0 2.3 4.0 4.0 3.3 4.0 3.0 2.7 3.7 3.3 3.7 3.3 2.3 3.0 3.3 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.3 4.0 3.3 Sum 27.3 25.6 28.4 27.3 108.6 Number of Courses Taken 8 8 8 8 32 So: 108.6 / 32 = 3.4 (Jane's cumulative high school GPA) And, leaving off the senior year we see that: 81.3 /24 = 3.4 (the GPA shewill submit to colleges) What’s Next? Still confused about how weighted and unweighted GPA calculations work? Let us help you figure it all out with our comprehensive explanation. Worried about how your GPA will measure up? We explain what a good or bad GPA score is, and run the numbers on the average high school student. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Labor and The Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labor and The Civil War - Essay Example This demands laid in the constitution went unattended since African America slavery grew once again mainly in the southern part of U.S.A. Among the major reasons for slavery reinvigoration were cotton gin discovery and its consequent spreading (Shapiro, 17). Such is the case that this machine permitted southern farmers to cultivate a variety of cotton, short staple, which thrived in the Deep South climate. Even with such an invention, the farmers still experienced another major problem with regard to removing seeds from cotton fibers. A later invention of the Eli Whitney’s gin offered solved this problem and even made it more economical. Following this, many planters in the south got attracted to cotton growing, a factor that increased labor demand. During this time, cotton growing was labor intensive, and African Americans became the main target to supply the labor. A day in the life of a slave would commonly constitute long working hours on the farm. When considering a field hand, working day would always begin just before dawn and last until the sun sets, usually with a lunch break of about two-hours. African Americans lacked control over working as they worked under strict supervision, constantly threatened with physical punishment by their supervisors. Indeed, even with the most kind hearted slave owner, the slaves still missed that very fundamental gift of every human being, â€Å"freedom† The better part of the period preceding Civil war, majority of the planters employed physical violence not only to boost productivity but also maintain labor discipline (Shapiro, 60). Certainly, the nature of work in the cotton field demanded lots of endurance and slaveholders understood this. Consequently they employed force and threats of force to persuade their slaves to endure the gruesome demands of cotton growing in the south. Colonial farmers forced their enslaved servants that included the elderly, children and pregnant

The Role of Investment Bankers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Role of Investment Bankers - Essay Example As far as the role of investment banker is concerned, it encompasses three major activities: origination, risk bearing, and distribution. Origination requires decisions about the type (e.g., debt, equity), quantity, price, timing, and other features of the new securities issue and the determination of the method of distribution. Risk bearing comes into play when the issue is a firm-commitment offering, in which the underwriter buys the securities from the issuer at a fixed price and resells them to the public. It is by far the most common form of underwriting. If the price of the securities falls before they can be resold, the underwriter will suffer a loss, thus the risk associated with this activity. Occasionally, underwriters suffer substantial losses due to abrupt declines in some underwritten offerings. The investment bankers have been the subject of more industry analysis than has the overall broker-dealer industry. Pugel and White ( 210-14) studied the investment-banking industry using the structure-conduct-performance paradigm in a consideration of allowing commercial bank affiliates to underwrite corporate securities. Rogowski and Sorensen Investment banking has always been a highly profitable but risky business for securities firms. Before Rule 415 was enacted, underwriting was very profitable, especially for the leading firms. Some of the profits were the result of entry barriers into the ranks of the top underwriters. But with Rule 415, the profitability of underwriting traditional corporate issues has declined. Now, the high-profit lines are not quite as profitable, although, there are always opportunities for securities firms, because of the ever-changing market conditions. For example, the opening of Eastern Europe may provide an area in which the ability of Wall Street firms to develop new products might be put to good use. As the Eastern European countries introduce more market-oriented approaches to economic management, there may be a need for unique securities instruments that would be compatible with the types of ownership that will emerge in these countries. (Mandelker, 683-94) The riskier economic environment and the importance of innovations and diversifications for securities firms call for a new regulatory approach. The central focus of federal securities regulation has been to provide investors with sufficient material information to make informed investment decisions, to prohibit fraud in connection with the sale of securities, and to provide a safe and sound securities industry environment. (Dale, 3-13) The broad regulatory charge of protecting investors and maintaining fair and orderly markets grew out of the stock market crash of 1929 and the fraud, securities price manipulation, and other practices that took place before the crash. In the current, more volatile environment for securities firms, regulators must be more responsive to the needs of the regulated firms. Important new financial instruments have helped securities firms manage the increasing risks they face, and the regulators should facilitate the development of these instruments. Entry into the basic

Effects of European Expansion in N.America Essay Example for Free

Effects of European Expansion in N.America Essay The news of a New World spread like a forest fire throughout Europe and the race for colonies between Portugal and Spain began. Each country started to conquer the ancient civilizations and exploit the continents raw material. This collision deeply affected all of the Atlantic societies. The conquistadors had a powerful effect that began to create a truly new world in Latin America; the New World would never then be the same after 1492. When Columbus waded shore two ecosystems amalgamated and clashed. When the Europeans arrived, they brought diseases that the Native Americans were not immune to including small pox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, yellow fever, malaria and the scarlet fever. Devoid of natural resistance to these diseases, the Native Americans died in great masses. Within fifty years of the Spanish arrival, the population of the Taino natives in Hispaniola dwindled from 1 million people to about 200. In return, the Europeans were infected with syphilis, which they acquired from the Native Americans. Other than disease, the Europeans introduced new crops and plants such as wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, dandelions, daisies, and Kentucky bluegrass. The Europeans also introduced new domestic animals such as horses, cows, and pigs. The introduction of horses caused North American tribes like the Apaches, Sioux, and Blackfoot to adopt these animals, transforming their cultures into highly mobile societies. On the other hand, the Europeans acquired gold and silver as one Aztec described them: They thirsted mightily for gold; they stuffed themselves with it; they starved for it; they lusted for it like pigs. The Europeans were also introduced to new crops such as corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, vanilla, chocolate, and sweet potatoes. Other than material things and disease, the Europeans and the Natives created a new race. This happened when Cortà ©s conquered Mexico and began to encourage intermarriage with the surviving Natives. Although Cortà ©s encouraged intermarriage, he enslaved many of the Native Americans. This created a new and distinctive culture of mestizos. These were some aspects of the collision between the two worldsSpains colonial empire grew swiftly and impressively and as it did it deeply affected all the Atlantic societies. The Spanish success reached France and England causing French and English voyages to be sent in order to get part of this colonial success. In Florida on the borderlands, Spanish  erected forts to protect sea-lanes to the Caribbean, to secure the northern periphery of their New World domain against such encroachments, and to convert Native Americans to Christianity. Unlike the rest of the colonies, the Spanish settlers in New Mexico found little gold fur, but they did discover wealth of souls to be harvested for the Christian religion. The Roman Catholic mission became the central institution in colonial New Mexico until the missionaries efforts to suppress native religious customs provoked a Native uprising called the Pope Rebellion. The Pueblo rebels destroyed every church in the province and killed a score of priests and hundreds of spinach settlers. In California, no serious foreign threat loomed and Spain directed its attention there only belatedly. Rodriguez had explored the California coast in 1542, but he failed to find San Francisco bay or anything else of much interest. For some two centuries after California slumbered undisturbed by European intruders. Then in 1769 Spanish missionaries led by Father Serra found San Diego. Father Serras Franciscan friars toiled with zealous devotion to Christianize 300,000 Native Americans. They gathered the semi-nomadic Native American into fortified missions and taught them horticulture and basic craft. These mission Native Americans adopted Christianity, but they also lost contact with their native cultures and often lost their lives as well, as the white mans diseases doomed these biologically vulnerable peoples. These changes helped create a truly new world in Latin America including the borderlands of Florida, New Mexico, and California; all of which later became part of the United States. In conclusion, the Spanish invaders did indeed kill, enslave, and infect countless natives, but they also built a colossal empire, stretching from California and Florida to Tierra del Fuego. They grafted their culture, laws, religion, and language into a wide array of native-societies, laying the foundations for a score of Spanish-speaking nations.

Virginia Woolf’s Orlando Essay -- Literary

Virginia Woolf’s Orlando Born in the late nineteenth century, Virginia Woolf’s visionary mind emerged in a social climate that did not cultivate the intellectual development of women. In England’s waning Victorian era, the upper classes of women were encouraged to become nothing more than obedient wives, self-effacing mothers, servile hostesses, and cheerful, chattering tea-drinkers, expectations that Virginia Woolf shunned, renounced, and ultimately denounced in her writings. Beside being born into a patriarchal culture, Virginia Woolf was also born into a family headed by a man who made it clear that he "expected more from his sons than his daughters" (Bazin 4). Although he considered Virginia as "the darling, the pet" (70) of the family, after the death of his second wife, her father Leslie Stephen fell into a deep depression that commanded "demands upon his children for pity and devotion [that] were almost unbearable" (4). Woolf herself wrote in her diary that she would never have been able to produce as much work as she did had her father not died fairly early in her life: "His life would have entirely ended mine. What would have happened? No writing, no books:-- inconceivable" (Gilbert and Gubar 192). Although he "allowed" Virginia to read and write, Leslie Stephen can be attributed with only a little more than genetic contribution to his daughter’s genius. Orlando is the paragon of Virginia Woolf’s literary genius. Published in 1928, the novel is a fictional biography of Woolf’s friend Vita Sackville-West. The novel is dedicated to Vita and "has been called ‘the longest and most charming love letter in literature’" (Meese 469). This crucial biographical context is often overlooked, a displacement which hinders the f... ...a Woolf. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. 223-230. Marder, Herbert. Feminism & Art: A Study of Virginia Woolf. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1968. Meese, Elizabeth. "When Virginia Looked at Vita, What Did She See; or, Lesbian: Feminist: Woman- What’s the Differ(e/a)nce?" Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism. Ed. Robyn R. Warhol and Diane Price Herndl. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1997. Moi, Toril. Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory. New York: Routledge, 1985. Walker, Nancy A. Feminist Alternatives: Irony and Fantasy in the Contemporary Novel by Women. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1990. West, Paul. "Enigmas of Imagination: Orlando Through the Looking Glass." Virginia Woolf. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. 83-100. Woolf, Virginia. Orlando: A Biography. 1928. New York: Penguin Books, 1946.

Personal space and territoriality Essay

In psychology, the notion of personal space is mainly applied to humans, while the notion of territoriality traditionally belongs to animal psychology domain. Human personal space is also different from that of nonhumans. The concepts of territoriality and personal space are integrally linked to the modes of communication humans and nonhumans choose in their daily social and psychological interactions. Although the concept of personal space is different across cultures, Cassidy (1997) refers to the four common personal space zones that are mostly similar across different cultures: intimate zone, personal zone, social zone, and public zone determine the specific communicational and behavioral patterns and require following specific social standards. Psychology professionals need objective understanding and evaluation of personal space cultural differences. For example, Japanese people promote the importance of large personal space; in America, foreigners need time to psychologically adjust to the extremely narrow understanding of personal space that Americans use in their daily lives. Ultimately, the concept of personal space forms a unique psychological climate that is never common for all cultures. In many aspects, our territorial behavior is similar to that of animals: â€Å"territories are like elastic discs – the center is well defined and defended aggressively by the occupier, but further away from the center the intruder is dealt with far less aggressively† (Cassidy, 1997). Like animals, we also display animal territorial habits; very often we tend to take the same seat in class; in public places, we use different means of marking our personal spots. However, as animal territorial behavior is determined by instincts and impulses, human personal space is heavily impacted by the complex set of social and psychological factors. Age and gender substantially change one’s perceptions about personal space; some cultures make people more sensitive to the boundaries of their personal space. It would be appropriate to suggest that â€Å"although personal space area is not constant, it is a constant variable impacting the psyche† (Cassidy, 1997). Conformity and obedience Conformity and obedience form close relationship in psychology. Compliance is the general characteristic of the two concepts that links them to a complex system of group relations. Huffman (2005) provides extensive evaluation of how human psyche reacts to group pressures; conformity and obedience are referred to as the most frequent components of group interactions. Conformity is a form of compliance where the individual is pressured by social factors and where compliance is driven by the fear of isolation, embarrassment or social anxiety. Sometimes, conformity can be voluntary, when we consciously choose to join a particular group of individuals. Conformity often turns into a form of compliance that is involuntary and is not fully conscious. When we are compelled to follow certain behavioral norms (for example, we should be polite with elder people), we do change our behavior, but we do not necessarily change our attitudes toward these people. That is the essence of conformity: the behavioral change takes place without changing the attitude (Huffman, 2005). Obedience is very similar to conformity in that it represents another form of compliance, which involves the concept of authority and implies that the person is forced to follow commands. It is not rare that people are forced to step over their attitudes and morals to follow the rule of authority. Conformity may turn into obedience, but as we seek conformity to become socially accepted and to be praised and recognized, obedience is the result of our natural desire to avoid punishment. Conformity and obedience are the two ends of the one social continuum, representing the two ultimate forms of compliance in human behavior. Through the cultural prism, conformity is a prevalent characteristic of collectivistic environments, while obedience is the necessary feature of authoritarian behavioral style.

Cultural Issues in Esl

Cultural Issues in ESL One main issue with English being a second language is cultural differences. It brings great distress to most international students who are studying abroad because though they strive to learn with a higher level of excellence and performance, their cultures will always find a way to limit that ambition. It’s hard to be in a classroom with students who do not understand the culture from whence you came. It is also hard to understand your fellow classmates and teachers for they have their own cultures, some of which we might find very different. English is harder to learn when you are placed in that situation, for it is hard to get used to the culture at the same feeling the pressure of studies and socialization. The people in this category are mainly international or exchange students. Given the privilege to study abroad for a better education, these students are hard working and efficient. But the disadvantages are inevitable. There are cultures in their former school that their current school does not practice. Proper behavior, salutations, programs, and methods vary in different schools. Even in local schools, it is hard for some to practice English, because majority of the students’ families could possibly not have the complete knowledge of English, thus speaking incorrect grammar to their children, giving them a confusing perception in English. When materials in class are passed in English, those students who are used to different materials in their past schools have great difficulty in studying, thus making them seem stupid or lazy. In reality, they are just not used to this kind of culture and way of studying. The cultures in Asia are different from those in Europe and America. Culture is a beautiful thing when you see different ones all around the world, but in terms of English being a culture’s second language, it is pretty complicated to attain and retain. The religions, cultural backgrounds, and language barriers each have its own way of communicating in the local land but unfortunately English is still a major problem in most countries when these cultural differences are shared. As it was studied, there has been a vast improvement though in some countries in Asia such as Singapore, the Philippines, and Malaysia. Not everyone has learned all there is to know, but English is already taken as a second language, next to the other dialects. Many students find it laborious when studying in a different school or when interacting with foreign students. When there are groupings or projects in school, it is very hard to communicate. Communication is very important, but the very source of the miscommunication is the language itself and the culture that is keeping the students from interacting with each other. They cannot express their thoughts as much as they can, which the result of their lack of culture link. There is a friction in most international schools if the students are not informed well enough. The differences are very easy to see. From the way they talk to the way they act, foreign students are distinct. You can see the stress in them as they try to communicate if they aren’t used to speaking straight English. Students who are of a different language mustn't be deemed as a weaker or more advanced student in the classroom. Equality must be present at all times. If it isn't practiced, it will lead to biases and favoritism, misunderstandings and miscommunication across the classroom. It is very uncomfortable for a non-English speaking student to ask for help from the teacher as they will be criticized for their actions, when in actuality, they have no other intention but to get the work done. The local students may feel unimportant to the teacher if such help is given to the foreign student, so teachers must be very careful and sensitive to equivalence. If I were to become the teacher of a school, whether it may be an international or local school, I must be the example of a nondiscriminatory standard. Dealing with students is a huge responsibility so we must be mindful of the issues that may be happening in our schools today. There are numerous non-English speakers who are determined to try their best at learning English yet we still do not take them seriously. It would be so much easier for the local students to interact with the international students if we ourselves encouraged fellowship between the races. We should avoid conflicts that would offend any of them and continue to appreciate each culture. Although some may have religions that the other students do not approve of, we must respect each religion even if we do not agree with the teachings. And if we share the same belief with a student, we must not be biased with the student. Whatever the differences may be, racism is a meaningless and prideful thing to do. The fact that these international students want to learn English is an honor already. They have a respect for it and want to communicate with it to those who speak English and teach it to those who can’t. Everyday is a challenge to them as they continue to learn the art of English. But why can't we use the disadvantages for good? Why do we discriminate? English is the easiest to learn yet we still have issues with it being a second language. It is challenging for foreigners to communicate in English, but without challenge we will not learn to work hard for a great benefit. Wouldn't it be a wonderful thing for other countries to communicate and to share friendships? If only every one of us spoke English as their second language. But unfortunately, there are people who disagree with the idea. Although patriotism is good, there must be peace with other nations and cultures. English did not even start in America. It was developed using different languages. It is a testimony to the idea of unity with different nations. Great things can be accomplished when we accept and learn from issues such as English being a second language. English as a second language would be easier to adapt to if every culture had an effort to introduce it to their people. As English speakers, we must put value in the language we have attained and put it to good use. So many people all around the world have the desire to learn this language and so we shouldn’t make it an issue. It is a good problem. As long as there are learners, we must be willing to teach. And if we accomplish that, English would be universal and our nations would be united even in language.

CEDAW and Saudi Arabia Essay Example

CEDAW and Saudi Arabia Essay Example CEDAW and Saudi Arabia Essay CEDAW and Saudi Arabia Essay Name: Tutor: Course: Date: CEDAW and Saudi Arabia Introduction The convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination (CEDAW) is a treaty adopted by the United Nations (UN) general assembly in 1979. It has a preamble and thirty articles, which define the meaning of discrimination against women and details the means of ending such discrimination. States and governments, which accept the gathering, have to commit themselves towards ensuring that they end any form of discrimination towards women. This includes trafficking and any exploitation of women. Governments must ensue that women have equal chances of representation in employment and political matters. They must ensure that women receive the right of education and healthcare. To enhance accountability, countries have to prepare and submit reports detailing the measures they have taken towards realizing the objectives of the treaty after every four years (UN).[1] CEDAW is the only international treaty that focuses on prejudice not in favor of women. By November 2010, 186 countries ha d ratified or acceded to the gathering. Countries not party to the gathering include Iran, Somalia, Sudan, Tonga, Nauru and Palau.[2] Some of the countries, such as Saudi Arabia, which have ratified the convention, continue to face varying levels of discrimination towards women. This makes many people question the advantage of signing such a treaty. Since its inception, the gathering has laid out different measures that help towards fulfilling its objectives. Supporters of the gathering claim that it has helped to bring some level of equality for the women, and it has helped many governments to set up agendas and establish laws that will help in enhancing women’s rights. However, those who oppose ratifying the gathering site different reasons such as interfering with a country’s sovereignty, and the inability of the gathering to make any significant changes regarding women’s issues. Saudi Arabia ratified CEDAW in the year 2000. However, Saudi Arabia had some reservations when it ratified the gathering. The kingdom â€Å"does not consider itself bound by paragraph 2 of article 9 of the gathering and paragraph 1 of article 29 of the gathering.† Paragraph 2 of article 9 states, â€Å"States parties shall grant women equal rights with men respect to the nationality of their children (UN).† Paragraph 1 of article 29 states, â€Å"any dispute between two or more states parties concerning the interpretation of application of the present gathering which is not settled by negotiation shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within six months of arbitration the parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice (UN)†.[3]Another reservation is that the kingdom is not under any obligation to observe any terms of the gatherin g, which are contrary to Islamic law. Analysis Saudi Arabia is an Islamic country bound by Islamic laws, culture, traditions, beliefs and practices. Saudi Arabia operates under the sharia law, and this law hinders it from engaging with other countries at an international level. Many Islamic countries do not sign or ratify international treaties if they consider them contrary to sharia law.[4] Several questions arise regarding the kingdom’s commitment towards fulfilling its obligations because of the decisions made to make the reservations. The kingdom refuses to recognize women’s full and equal rights to men because of its refusal to observe paragraph two of article nine of the gathering. Since the country places its laws above international treaties, it continues to observe the restrictive Islamic sharia laws, most of which are prohibitive. In addition, many Islamic governments do not agree on the interpretation of different sharia laws. Some of these governments tend to be more liberal regarding women’s iss ues, while some are conservative and restrictive. For instance, women in Saudi Arabia are not allowed to drive or vote.[5] People’s attitudes regarding women’s freedom and equality depend on their attitude and perception. Thus, although some prohibitive practices are not contained in the country’s laws, people continue practicing them because of what they believe. Despite the reservations, the kingdom had managed to identify mechanisms, which had helped in addressing violence towards women by 2008. Furthermore, the kingdom had established laws that would recognize women’s rights. It had amended several laws, in recognition of the rules and policies of the gathering.[6] Many Islamic states are patriarchy states, and Saudi Arabia is no exception. Discriminatory policies in Saudi Arabia are protected by the law. Thus, women will have second priority in matters, family, social, political, education, and civic life. Saudi Arabia enforces sexual segregation, and this makes it an excuse for women to lack jobs, receive an inferior education, and miss an opportunity to participate in political affairs. Although the convention does not discourage sex segregation in education, it requires that both men and women receive the same quality of education. However, women in the kingdom continue to receive inferior education and they have unequal opportunities.[7] For instance, women are not allowed to enroll in certain courses such as engineering, geology, and politics because they will interact with men and the government does not encourage this because it supports sex segregation in all sectors of life.[8] Saudi Arabian women lack a voice in many issues. They have few chances of getting meaningful employment, even after going through university education. They do not get a chance to participate in public affairs because they do not engage in political and civic life. Sex segregation made it impossible for women to vote. Socially, women are not allowed to drive cars or go to some places when unaccompanied by their guardians, who include husbands, fathers, and brothers.[9] The requirement that countries submit reports towards showing the measures they have established to safeguard women’s rights, does not help matters, in Saudi Arabia, as the government does not give satisfactory results and it avoids responding to sensitive issues regarding women’s rights.[10] The reports are supposed to pressurize the government towards ensuring that it recognizes the rights of women. The reports are also a way for various groups in the country to check on the level of the government†™s commitment. Different NGOs in the country submit a shadow report to CEDAW. The report contains additional information on the government’s performance, other than that submitted formally by the government.[11] Different UN agencies help the NGOs in producing the reports. Over the years, the role of these organizations has become more important. The NGOs are allowed to sit through meetings in the conference room, although they are passive participants in the proceedings.[12] Producing shadow reports in Saudi Arabia is challenging because there are no NGOs in the country. However, different individuals, under the group Saudi Women for Reform, worked together to produce a shadow report in December 2007. The report asserted that women continue facing discrimination, and there is no end in sight for this discrimination to end. Further, the report noted different forms of discrimination that women face daily.[13] The report observes how women face different forms of sexual abuse under me. Women know very little concerning their rights and they do not know about CEDAW. Some Saudi Arabian nationals oppose the idea of women’s rights and equalities because they consider it a western issue. Women in Saudi are considered holders of tradition, and they are important in ensuring that the western way of thinking does not permeate the society.[14] Allowing them to have some level of liberty regarding certain issues is tantamount to giving them the freedom to abandon their culture. Reports on women discrimination in the kingdom are further confirmed by amnesty international. The organization observes how women continue to face discrimination in law and in practice.[15] More reports by Human Rights Watch confirm different forms of discrimination. The organization notes how the authorities have failed to protect women, and how injustice continues to reign in the country in form of unfair trials. Such cases of discrimination are demonstrated in women’s lives. For instance, women receive education, some up to the highest level possible, but they are not allowed to practice their profession.[16] The BBC reported the case of a woman who had to struggle to become a surgeon. Her father only allowed her to study on the condition that her family would receive and use her salary. Further, she was not allowed to marry the man of her choice. The woman was punished every time she dared to speak out against the injustice she suffered. Her story represents many women in the country, who have to go through many obstacles to secure simple life necessities.[17] Negative Aspects of the Convention Those who oppose the gathering cite some factors such as the limiting issues in Saudi Arabia. The gathering has failed to achieve greater equality for the women in the kingdom. There is greater scrutiny of women issues in the kingdom. Different international organizations have raised issue of the detail that women in the kingdom continue facing high levels of discrimination. Since the country ratified the treaty, it has not done much to advance the standing of women in the nation. The gathering does not have sufficient powers to ensure that the nations that have confirmed the treaty do not make reservations, and that they observe gender equality. Therefore, countries can ratify the treaty but they can in turn make as many reservations as they want. The reservations made are contrary to the intention of the gathering. Some of the countries, other than Saudi Arabia, which have ratified, the treaty, continue to deny women their rights, and to exercise different forms of abuse. Women con tinue to suffer varying forms of discrimination in different countries around the world. They continue to lack economic, political, and education opportunities. Saudi men continue oppressing women and they get away with it because the judicial system encourages different forms of abuse. A Saudi woman can be beaten by her husband, her father, or even her brother. Saudi men control women’s lives, including any movement they make through the male guardian system. Women need men permission or accompaniment to register in school, get jobs, and go to the hospital for treatment.[18] Some governments do not take any other effort of ensuring that they have solved women’s problems and issues, since they rely on the gathering as the only source of such information. Such governments end up denying women their right of equality. This is the case in Saudi Arabia. The government has not taken any other measure to ensure that it has established laws that will protect women. It continues depending on the gathering, despite the measures it has taken to make the reservations.[19] The gathering cannot work alone, since it needs the input of other gatherings and treaties, as this will ensure maximum benefits for women.[20] Some of the principles contained in the gathering are not as strong, and they do not cover the necessities to ensure a realization of women’s rights. For instance, the gathering takes a general approach regarding women’s issues, and it does not recognize the need of mentioning the importance of maintaining racial equality.[21] Some coun tries fail to submit their reports or they submit them long after they are due. This could be a reflection of failure in those countries in failing to meet their objectives. Change in perception regarding the importance of recognizing women’s rights directly relates to people’s mindsets regarding women. Irrespective of how many policies the gathering committee recommends, countries will only be able to recognize the equality of women if they manage to change people’s mindset and attitude. Some people continue to hold different stereotypes regarding women’s issues, and for such people, they will not want to recognize women’s rights and equality. The gathering does not have the power to do anything. It cannot impose any fines or penalties to the countries that fail to submit its reports or follow the recommendations set by the gathering. The conference can only name and shame the countries that have failed to meet their objectives.[22] Shaming countries is not enough to ensure that it develops any measures to recognize women’s rights. Some critics have claimed that the gathering is a form of inequality because of i ts central focus towards women. It does not recognize the complexities of gender and race, and it continues to advocate for women’s rights.[23] Other critics claim that to appreciate and recognize women’s rights fully, people have to go beyond observing gender issues to identifying other dissimilarities amid men and women, such as physical strength and reproductive issues.[24] Positive Aspects of the Convention Those who support the gathering cite the benefit of the gathering in raising awareness on women’s issues. Many governments have been able to recognize the need to consider women for various appointments because of the gathering.[25] Some governments have gone as far as incorporating the laws and policies of the gathering in their legal framework. They have been able to change the domestic laws, which were not in agreement with the laws set by the gathering, and this has enabled them to improve the affairs of the women in their country.[26] The introduction of the gathering in many countries helped in redefining the role of women, and in strengthening women activists and individuals in many countries. Over the years, there has been a general perception that women’s role within a society involves bearing children and looking after the home. For a long time, many women, especially in the developing regions, held on to this perception. Thus, they never did anything differen t to build their lives. However, the introduction of the gathering in many state laws has ensured that women have greater opportunities. Despite the obvious limitations, Saudi Arabia has made some changes that favor women, or minimize the level of discrimination leveled towards them by the men. The kingdom has introduced new laws that will allow women to work as lawyers. [27] The kingdom has made changes by allowing women to take governing positions. The king has granted women thirty seats on the top advisory council. This is the first time that woman are holding such a position. Women will run for political office as they seek to be elected in the municipal elections in the year 2015.[28] This is a great stride for the women since they were previously not allowed to vote. The king has gradually introduced reforms in the country, although they are all conditional since they have to comply with the strict religious laws. The government has given permission for women to participate in sports. This is on condition that they do it under the supervision of the female teachers, since men cannot see the women wearing trouser s.[29] Women are now allowed to ride bikes and motorcycles, though they can only do so when wearing the full Muslims attire, and in the company of male guardians. Women recognize that they can do more with their lives, apart from engaging in family duties. The gathering has enabled many women to engage in different economic activities in addition to contribute in the running of the country. This would not have been possible without the introduction of the caucus, along with the willingness of many governments to participate in ensuring that the gathering becomes practical. The gathering has helped in ensuring that women receive equal shares in wealth, especially through inheritance, and that they have an equal share in marriage and divorce agreements. The gathering has given many women the chance to have their voice heard. It has given women a platform to raise various concerns, and they have been able to raise awareness on the violence they face, and on any other forms of abuse. This has ensured that governments and other organizations are more active towards ensuring an end to different forms of gender and sexual based abuse. The gathering receives reports from other agencies, which enables it to determine the extent of discrimination against women. For instance, Food and (FAO) has established gender inequalities in land distribution and ownership among women in rural community. Through the policies set by CEDAW, the agency has been able to determine some of the appropriate measures it can take to ensure that rural women are able to cultivate their land and benefit from it.[30] The gathering has increased awareness of women’s issues, as element of human civil liberties. It has fuelled interest among other organizations, and these organizations use the awareness raised by the gathering to influence other national policies and agendas.[31] Because of this, nations have addressed other issues of concerns including race and disability issues. Countries are able to learn from each other, as they identify the measures that each of them is taking towards realizing the fulfillment of the intentions of the gathering. Countries of a more similar cultural background will identify with each other, and they will learn better from each other. Such countries may decide to formulate different recommendations from those offered by the committee. Those who support the gathering agree that it has several limitations, which render it ineffective. The success and the effectiveness of the gathering depend upon the willingness of the respective governments. If the governments are not willing to recognize women’s rights, then they will establish several reservations, such as the case in Saudi Arabia. These reservations will reduce any chance that the country has of ensuring that women have equal representation in all sectors of life. Some countries continue to be tied to their traditional, cultural, and religious practices. They place their practices above the laws of any international treaties and gatherings. This has limited their willingness towards ensuring that they abide by the recommendations and rules of the gathering. In many countries, culture is a major hindrance towards realizing women’s equality.[32] People are set in their cultural ways, and they do not want to deviate from them. This is especially the c ase regarding family and marriage issues. The gathering recognizes that cultural values are different, but it does not expect people to abuse basic human rights as an excuse of observing their culture. Religion plays a major part in determining whether people will recognize women’s rights. However, this is mostly in Islamic countries, where religion tends to define not only the law, but also cultural beliefs and practices. Conclusion CEDAW has a noble and great idea of humanizing the position of women around the world. It has managed to raise awareness concerning many issues affecting women globally. This has made many governments to recognize the importance of upholding women’s issues. Some governments have integrated the policies and recommendations set by the gathering within their domestic laws and by doing so, they have ensured that women’s rights are guaranteed in their country. The gathering has managed to attract many countries to ratify it since it was first established. More than one hundred and eighty countries have ratified the gathering. However, some of these countries have made several reservations, some of which have exempted them from observing the fulfillment of the objectives. Saudi Arabia ratified the gathering, but its decision to place the Islamic laws above any other treaty or law seems to have defeated the principle of the gathering. The gathering does not have enough power t o enforce countries to follow its policies. In addition, many women around the world continue facing discrimination, even though their countries have ratified the treaty. Bibliography Institutional Documents Amnesty International. Annual Report 2012: Saudi Arabia. Last modified 2012, amnesty.org/en/region/saudi-arabia/report-2012#section-31-6 FAO. The Role of FAO: FAO and the Technical Cooperation Programme. Last modified 2007 Retrieved from fao.org/docrep/008/y5951e/y5951e04.htm UN. Gathering on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women. Last modified 2009. un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm#article9 United Nations Department of Public Information. Short History of CEDAW Convention. un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm Books Abiad Nisrine. Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations: A Comparative Study. London: BIICL, 2008 Blanchfield Luisa. U.N. Gathering on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): Issues in the U.S. Ratification Debate. Darby: DIANE Publishing Goonesekere Savitri. Violence, Law and Women’s Rights in South Asia. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2004 Krivenko Y. Ekaterina. Women, Islam, and International Law: Within the Context of the Gathering on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Leiden: BRILL, 2009. Merry, E. Sally. Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009 Opeskin, Brian, Perruchoud Richard and Jillyanne R. Cross. Foundations of International Migration Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012 Seznec Jean-Francois and Mimi Kirk. Industrialization in the Gulf: A Socioeconomic Revolution. Oxford: Taylor Francis, 2010 Waters P. Christopher. British and Canadian Perspectives on International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006 Periodicals Rosenblaum, Darren. â€Å"Unsex Cedaw, or what’s wrong with Women’s Rights.† Columbia Journal of Gender and Law20 (2011) Warren, S. Christie. â€Å"Lifting the Veil: Women and Islamic Law.† Cardozo Journal of Law Gender15, (2008): 33-64 Zwingel, Susanne. â€Å"From intergovernmental negotiations to (sub)national change: A transnational perspective on the impact of cedaw.† International Feminist Journal of Politics7, no. 3 (2005) Newspapers and Broadcasts Alyami, Ali. â€Å"What Saudi Veils cannot Conceal.† Sharnoff’s Global Views, May 7, 2013. sharnoffsglobalviews.com/saudi-veils-044/ Associated Press. â€Å"Saudi King Allows Women on Top Advisory Council.† The Guardian, January 11, 2013. guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/11/saudi-king-allows-women-advisory-council Associated Press. â€Å"Saudi Arabia to Allow Girls to Play Sport at Private Schools.† The Guardian, May 5, 2013. guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/05/saudi-arabia-allows-women-sport Lee, Dave. â€Å"Saudi Arabian Women challenges male guardianship laws. BBC, June 29, 2011. bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13932287 Paddison, Laura. Can Law Firms with Offices in Saudi Arabia take Women’s Rights Seriously? The Guardian, October 23, 2012 Unpublished materials Human Rights Watch. Perpetual Minors: human Rights Abuses Stemming from Male Guardianship and Sex Segregation in Saudi Arabia. Last modified 2008. hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/saudiarabia0408webwcover.pdf Human Rights Watch. World Report 2013: Saudi Arabia. Last modified 2013. hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/saudi-arabia Saudi Women for Reform. The Shadow Report for CEDAW Prepared by ‘Saudi Women for Reform’ Saudi Arabia. Last modified December 2007. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/ngos/womenreform40.pdf [1] United Nations Department of Public Information. Short History of CEDAW Convention. un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/history.htm

Creons Dramatic Monologue from Antigone

Creons Dramatic Monologue from Antigone Considering he appears in all three plays of  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Sophocles Oedipus trilogy, Creon is a complex and diverse character. In  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Oedipus the King, he serves as an advisor and moral compass. In Oedipus at Colonus, he tries to negotiate with the blind ex-monarch in hopes of gaining power. Finally  in, Creon has attained the throne after a long civil war between two brothers,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Eteocles, and Polyneices. Oedipus’ son Eteocles died defending the city-state of Thebes. Polyneices, on the other hand, dies trying to usurp power from his brother. Creons Dramatic Monologue In this monologue  placed at the play’s beginning, Creon establishes the conflict. The fallen Etecles is granted a hero’s funeral. However, Creon decrees that the traitorous Polyneices will be left to rot in the wilderness. This royal order will stir up a singular rebellion when the devoted sister of the brothers, Antigone, refuses to abide by Creon’s laws. When Creon punishes her for following the will of the Olympian Immortals and not the rule of the king, he incurs the wrath of the gods. The following excerpt is reprinted from Greek Dramas. Ed. Bernadotte Perrin. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1904 CREON: I now possess the throne and all its powers, by nearness of kinship to the dead. No man can be fully known, in soul and spirit and mind, until he hath been seen versed in rule and law-giving. For if any, being supreme guide of the state, cleaves not to the best counsels, but, through some fear, keeps his lips locked, I hold, and have ever held, him most base; and if any makes a friend of more account than his fatherland, that man hath no place in my regard. For Ibe Zeus my witness, who sees all things alwayswould not be silent if I saw ruin, instead of safety, coming to the citizens; nor would I ever deem the countrys foe a friend to myself; remembering this, that our country is the ship that bears us safe, and that only while she prospers in our voyage can we make true friends. Such are the rules by which I guard this citys greatness. And in accord with them is the edict which I have now published to the folk touching the sons of Oedipus; that Eteocles, who hath fallen fighti ng for our city, in all renown of arms, shall be entombed, and crowned with every rite that follows the noblest dead to their rest. But for his brother, Polyneiceswho came back from exile, and sought to consume utterly with fire the city of his fathers and the shrines of his fathers godssought to taste of kindred blood, and to lead the remnant into slaverytouching this man, it hath been proclaimed to our people that none shall grace him with sepulture or lament, but leave him unburied, a corpse for birds and dogs to eat, a ghastly sight of shame.

Management Accounting assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Accounting - Assignment Example Cost is the most important factor which influences the management decision. The management needs to maximize its cost by different policies such as just in time, target costing etc but should not compromise on the products quality (Straus, 1989).. Target Costing: Target costing is one of the new costing techniques used by managers to minimize its cost effectively. Target costing is cost based pricing. Target costing enable the managers to manage the business most effectively in a competitive market place. It enables the managers to plan and manage the cost in the early stages of design and development cycle. Hence maximize the profit with no compromise on product. Target cost is selling price less desired profit. As in target costing the cost limit is specified first which may lead to omission of essential costs leading to loss. It can also be expected that the calculation of target cost is not accurate leading to mismanagement and increasing the risk of failure. This strategy requir es exclusive coordination and cooperation. This may reduce the quality of the products due to cheap components whose quality maybe inferior (Carlsson-Wall, 2011).  . Total Quality Management: Total quality management is a policy to continually improve the quality of products and processes. It is the management of organization’s all resources both human and material in most effective manner to achieve the objectives of the organization. In this the management uses the strategy of involving all the employees in the improvement of the quality of products and processes focusing on customer needs and their satisfaction. Customers are willing to pay high prices also for good quality products which the competitors are not providing them. The quality of processes can be improved by eliminating unnecessary steps resulting in efficiency of the processes and reducing the time wastage. All these improvements attract the customers towards our products and making the organization more pr ofitable by increased sales and good market share and repute (European Society For Organisational Excellence, 1990).  . The cost of introducing the concept of total quality management is high and staff needs to be trained without disrupting the process of production which may lead the organization to face loss by increasing the expense. The improvements process is continual which may not be maintained for many years. The employees maybe resistant to change leading to demotivation. Throughput Accounting: Throughput Accounting is a management approach. It provides managers with support for decision making for improving the organizations profitability. It is a process of identification of constraints for an organization in meeting their goals. Throughput focuses on generating more output unlike typical cost accounting approaches of cutting costs for maximizing the profit. It speeds up the rate of output by eliminating the constraints of the organizat